Tibial Plateau Fractures

• Impaction type fractures predominate
• Result from valgus or varus stress with or w/o axial loading
• Associated with periarticular soft tissues injury
• High stress injury m/c due to jumps, falls and axial loading, often with splitting of tibial plateau. Men>women. Patients are in their 30s
• Low impact or no trauma in patients with osteoporosis d/t insufficiency fractures
• Impaction injury is more common with depression of tibial plateau. Women>men. Patients are in their 70s

Lateral Tibial Plateau Fractures More Common

• Functional anatomy plays a major role
• 60% of weight bearing is by the medial plateau
• Medial plateau is more concave
• Lateral plateau is slightly higher and more convex. Valgus stress impacts lateral palteau.
• Tibial plateau fractures considered intra-articular and prone to delayed healing, non-union, meniscal injury (m/c lateral) ACL tear, secondary OA. Other complications: compartment syndrome, vascular injury.
• Management: operative in many cases especially if >3-mm step-off at the plateau
• If medial plateau or bicondylar Fxs present, ORIF will be required.

Imaging Plays A Crucial Role

• Begins with x-radiography. X-radiography may not reveal the complexity and extent of this injury.
• CT scanning w/o contrast will further delineate fracture complexity and pre-operative planning
• MR imaging may be considered to evaluate for internal derangement: meniscal, ACL injuries.
• Shatzke classification may help to evaluate complexity of this injury

Key Diagnostic Sign

• AP and lateral horizontal beam (cross table) left knee radiograph. Note subtle depression of the lateral palteau manifested by  the lateral plateau appearing at the same level or lower as the medial. Key diagnostic sign is the presence of fat-blood-interphase or FBI sign on cross-table lateral (above arrow) indicating intra-articular knee fracture

Lipohemarthorosis aka FBI Sign

• Can be detected by radiography, CT or MR imaging
• FBI sign is a reliable secondary radiographic sign of intra-articular knee fractures, regardless how small they are
• Mechanism: fracture results with acute hemarthrosis
• Hemarthrosis will also occur w/o Fx. However, Fx will result with a fatty marrow being released into the joint cavity. Fat is a less dense medium (lighter) and will appear on the top of the hemorrhage if the patient is held in the supine position for 5-10-minutes before the cross-table radiograph is taken
• FBI sign confirms the intra-articular Fx.
• ACL/PCL, meniscal tears will not result in FBI sign

Lateral Tibial Plateau Fx

• Lateral tibial plateau Fx that was managed operatively
• Most common complication: premature secondary OA
• More complex injuries may result in more extensive operative care

Knee Internal Deragnement

• Acute or chronic injuries of meniscal fibrocartilages and ligamentous restraints
• Tears of the ACL and posterior horn of the medial meniscus are the most common
• Acute ACL tears however, often result with lateral meniscus tear
• Acute ACL tear may occur as a combined injury of the ACL, MCL and medial meniscus
• Functional anatomy: ACL prevents anterior displacement of the tibia and secondary varus stress
• MCL functions together with ACL in resisting external rotation of the tibia especially when the foot is planted (closed chain position)
• MCL is firmly attached to the medial meniscus, explaining the classic triad of ACL, MCL and medial meniscal tear (O’Donahue terrible triad)
• Cruciate ligaments (ACL/PCL) are intra-articular but extra-synovial. Less likely to be torn in closed pack position (full extension). When all articular facets of tibia and femur are in full contact the ACL/PCL are at least tension and stable
• When knee is flexed 20-30-degrees or more ACL is taut and remains unstable
• ACL is a major mechanoreceptor that feeds the info to CNS about joint position. Thus the majority of previous ACL tears will lead to some degree of knee instability

Functional Anatomy of ACL

Diagnosis of ACL Tear

• Diagnosis of ACL tear requires MR imaging
• Concerns exist of not only ligamentous injuries but injuries to the articular cartilage and menisci.
• Most vendors will perform at least: one T1 WI in cornola or sagittal planes. Sagittal and coronal Proton-density slices to evaluate cartilaginous structures. Fast spin-echo sagittal, axial and coronal T2 fat-saturated or sagittal and coronal STIR images are crucial to demonstrate edema within the substance of knee ligaments
• Note sagittal proton-density MRI slice showing intact ACL (above)
• ACL is aligned along the Blumensaat line or oblique line corresponding the intercondylar roof of Femoral condyles. Lack of such alignment by the ACL is significant for ACL tear

Imaging Dx of Internal Derangement

• MRI shows 78-100% sensitivity and 78-100% specificity
• Primary signs of ACL tear: non-visualization of ACL (above green arrow), loss of its axis along the Blumensaat line (above triangle heads), wavy appearance and substance tear (above white arrow) or edema and cloud-like indistinctness (above yellow arrow)

Reliable Secondary Signs of ACL Tear

• May be observed on the radiographs and MRI
• Segond avulsion fracture (80% specificity for ACL tear) (next slide)
• Deep femoral notch sign indicating osteochondral fracture (above bottom images) and
• Pivot -shift bone marrow edema in the posterolateral tibial condyle d/t external rotation and often valgus impact by the lateral femoral condyles (above top image)

Segond Fracture (Avulsion by ITB)

• Segond fracture at Gerdy’s tubercle. An important sign of the ACL tear seen on both radiographs and MRI

Management of ACL Tears

• In acute cases, usually operative using cadaveric or autograft (patella ligament or hamstring) ACL reconstruction
• Complications: graft tear, instability and premature DJD, joint stiffness d/t lack of postoperative rehab or gaft shortening. More rare, infection, formation of intraosseous synovial cysts etc.

Knee Trauma