Gut microbiota has a wide variety of metabolic activities. I would like to rephrase that, more than activities, they are responsibilities. Nowadays, we know that the gut microbiota metabolizes what we used to believe to be βundigestible,β creating microflora-derived metabolites. Consequently, these metabolites promote the growth of beneficial bacteria leading to healthier wellbeing. Nevertheless, the central mediator to this phenomenon relies on the hostβs dietary intake of βundigestibleβ fibers, phytonutrients, and other bioactive components found in different foods. Recently, the identification of beneficial compounds has shed some light on ellagitannins (ET). Ellagitannins (ET) promote the formation of gut-derived metabolites associated with lower cardiovascular risk, body composition improvement, thermogenesis, and aging.Β
Table of Contents
Ellagitannins (ET) are found in pomegranate juice, walnuts, red berries, and strawberries. If we see these foods from an evolution point of view, humans have consumed these fruits since the hunter-gatherer days.Β
In the digestive tract, ET is rapidly metabolized to ellagic acid (EA). Nevertheless, the gutβs microbiota is responsible for the remaining metabolic processes in which EA is converted to urolithin. Furthermore, urolithin has five different isoforms:
High levels of ET can be detected in serum after 40 minutes of pomegranate juice ingestion but undetectable after just five hours of its consumption. On the other hand, urolithins can be seen in urine after 48h of pomegranate juice consumption. Urolithin has higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties than those found in ET However, studies show that these levels of urolithin can be detectable in some patients, but not in all of them. Consequently, this is highly dependent on the variety and interaction between different bacterial strains and the metabolites that they produce.Β
Recent studies have reported the effects of obesity-associated bacteria and the production of urolithin isoforms. Indeed, a study in obese individuals converted pomegranate and walnut-derives ET into UA, iso-UA, and UB, and other individuals only produced UA. Conversely, those individuals who made high UA levels had a lower risk of developing cardiometabolic disease.
Aging is also a crucial predictor of lower species-specific formation of urolithins from ET. This phenomenon is highly coincidental with the interindividual and age-related differences in gut microbiome composition.Β
Up to date, we know that the UA isomer is associated with anti-cancer effects, is anti-inflammatory, and also anti-aging properties. Indeed, UAβs anti-cancer effects are related to its preventive action by reducing cell proliferation and metastasis in prostate and colorectal cancer cells.
Also, UA production by the gut microbiota has coincided with the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in macrophages. This last statement was tested in murine models.
UA has recently gained an FDA certificate of approval thanks to the results of a fascinating clinical trial. Researchers tested UAβs efficacy on skeletal muscle function and safe use of this bioactive component in their clinical trial. Furthermore, 36 patients were intervened with a single dose of 1000mg of UA for 28 days and then followed by multiple dosing for another 28 days. After this trial period, the patients were tested for mitochondrial gene expression and plasma acylcarnitine. Consequently, the researchers reported an improvement of mitochondrial function on skeletal muscle without any side effects.
Another outstanding research paper reported reduced triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid oxidation associated with higher circulating UA, UC, and UD levels. In fact, UA inhibits triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes, which associates with a reduced expression of adipogenesis-related genes.
UA supplementationβs foundation relies on its anti-inflammatory effects that enhance insulin sensitivity and the thermogenesis effect it stimulates. UA enhances adipose tissue production of T3 from a genetic point of view, leading to an upregulation of thermogenic genes: PCG1a and UCP-1. Consequently, the upregulation of these genes increases energy expenditure and improves body composition by lowering body fat mass.
Finally, the benefits of gut-derived metabolite UA are coincidental with an improvement in body composition. However, studies show that the main result of UA supplementation is a reduction in body fat mass. Ultimately, this results in lower levels of pro-inflammatory markers and better mitochondrial function. Also, UA promotes mitochondrial metabolism of dietary fat, improving energy utilization and skeletal muscle function. All of these mechanisms of action position ET and UA as potent mediators of overall health, reflecting in better body composition, ultimately ensuring longevity and mobility.
Human UA studies are scarce. However, the information reported by mouse models is promising. Nevertheless, UAβs benefits and production depend on a healthy and varied microbiota and the ingestion of foods like strawberries, pomegranate, red berries, and walnuts. Furthermore, the production of this metabolite provides a wide array of benefits that mainly focus on the production of energy by dietary fat in the mitochondria and less synthesis of adipocytes. In turn, this reflects improved muscular function, which enhances mobility and overall higher quality of living. β Ana Paola RodrΓguez Arciniega, MS
References:
Xia, Bo et al. βUrolithin A exerts antiobesity effects through enhancing adipose tissue thermogenesis in mice.βΒ PLoS biologyΒ vol. 18,3 e3000688. 27 Mar. 2020, doi:10.1371/journal.bio.3000688
Additional Online Links & Resources (Available 24/7)
Β
Online Appointments or Consultations: bit.ly/Book-Online-Appointment
Β
Online Physical Injury / Accident Intake Form:Β bit.ly/Fill-Out-Your-Online-HistoryΒ
Β
Online Functional Medicine Assessment:Β bit.ly/functionmed
Β
Professional Scope of Practice *
The information herein on this entire blog site is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified healthcare professional or licensed physician and is not medical advice. We encourage you to make healthcare decisions based on your research and partnership with a qualified healthcare professional.
Blog Information & Scope Discussions
Our information scope is limited to Chiropractic, musculoskeletal, physical medicines, wellness, contributing etiological viscerosomatic disturbances within clinical presentations, associated somatovisceral reflex clinical dynamics, subluxation complexes, sensitive health issues, and/or functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions.
We provide and present clinical collaboration with specialists from various disciplines. Each specialist is governed by their professional scope of practice and their jurisdiction of licensure. We use functional health & wellness protocols to treat and support care for the injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Our videos, posts, topics, subjects, and insights cover clinical matters, issues, and topics that relate to and directly or indirectly support our clinical scope of practice.*
Our office has reasonably attempted to provide supportive citations and has identified the relevant research studies or studies supporting our posts. We provide copies of supporting research studies available to regulatory boards and the public upon request.
We understand that we cover matters that require an additional explanation of how they may assist in a particular care plan or treatment protocol; therefore, to discuss the subject matter above further, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez, DC, or contact us at 915-850-0900.
We are here to help you and your family.
Blessings
Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, MSACP, RN*, CCST, IFMCP*, CIFM*, ATN*
email: coach@elpasofunctionalmedicine.com
Licensed as a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) in Texas & New Mexico*
Texas DC License # TX5807, New Mexico DC License # NM-DC2182
Licensed as a Registered Nurse (RN*) in Florida
Florida License RN License # RN9617241 (Control No. 3558029)
Compact Status: Multi-State License: Authorized to Practice in 40 States*
Graduate with Honors: ICHS: MSN-FNP (Family Nurse Practitioner Program)
Degree Granted. Masters in Family Practice MSN Diploma (Cum Laude)
Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, MSACP, MSN-FNP, RN* CIFM*, IFMCP*, ATN*, CCST
My Digital Business Card
Β
Stress on the lower back during pregnancy often leads to back (upper, middle, lower), sciatica,… Read More
Can melatonin help many individuals dealing with sleep issues and help them stay asleep longer… Read More
For older individuals looking for a workout that can help improve overall fitness, can kettlebell… Read More
Can choosing the right pillow help many individuals with neck pain get a full night's… Read More
What is the recommended way to choose a mattress for individuals with back pain? … Read More
Can non-surgical treatments help individuals with piriformis syndrome reduce referred sciatica pain and help restore… Read More