Individuals that engage in heavy exercise can develop heat cramps from overexertion. Can knowing the causes and symptoms help prevent future episodes from happening?
Table of Contents
Heat cramps can develop during exercise from overexertion or prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The muscle cramps, spasms, and pain can range from mild to severe.
Heat cramps often develop because of dehydration and electrolyte loss. (Robert Gauer, Bryce K. Meyers 2019) Symptoms include:
Electrolytes like sodium, calcium, and magnesium are important for properly functioning muscles, including the heart. The primary role of sweating is to regulate the bodyβs temperature. (MedlinePlus. 2015) Sweat is mostly water, electrolytes, and sodium. Excessive sweating from physical activity and exertion or a hot environment can cause electrolyte imbalances that lead to cramps, spasms, and other symptoms.
Heat cramps most commonly affect individuals who sweat excessively during strenuous activity or are exposed to hot temperatures for prolonged periods. The body and organs need to cool down, which causes sweat production. However, too much sweating can lead to dehydration and electrolyte depletion. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022)
Factors that can increase the risk of developing heat cramps include: (Robert Gauer, Bryce K. Meyers 2019)
If heat cramps begin, immediately stop the activity and look for a cool environment. Rehydrate the body to replenish the fluid loss. Staying hydrated and drinking fluids regularly during intense activity or in a hot environment can help prevent the body from cramping. examples of beverages that increase electrolytes include:
Gently applying pressure and massaging affected muscles can help reduce pain and spasms. As symptoms resolve, it is recommended to not return to strenuous activity too soon because additional exertion can progressively lead to heatstroke or heat exhaustion. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021) Heatstroke and heat exhaustion are two heat-related illnesses. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022)
The timing and length of heat cramps can determine whether medical attention is necessary. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022)
Tips for preventing heat cramps include: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022)
Gauer, R., & Meyers, B. K. (2019). Heat-Related Illnesses. American family physician, 99(8), 482β489.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Heat stress β heat related illness. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/heatrelillness.html#cramps
MedlinePlus. (2015). Sweat. Retrieved from medlineplus.gov/sweat.html#cat_47
FoodData Central. (2019). Nuts, coconut water (liquid from coconuts). Retrieved from fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170174/nutrients
FoodData Central. (2019). Milk, nonfat, fluid, with added vitamin A and vitamin D (fat free or skim). Retrieved from fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/746776/nutrients
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Frequently asked questions (FAQ) about extreme heat. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/faq.html
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